Madeleine has a particular interest in how animals interact with their microclimates (e.g. temperature, water availability, habitat structure), and how these processes in turn shape their distributions and life-cycles across broad spatial and temporal scales. During her PhD, she developed a process-based model for a broadly distributed butterfly, with which she could predict its likely response to climate change. Maddie subsequently worked in South Africa and Australia, using various modelling approaches to explore how climate and management practises impact agricultural pests and their natural enemies, like lady birds and parasitic wasps.